Risk environments, race/ethnicity, and HIV status in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States

National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150410

Risk environments, race/ethnicity, and HIV status in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States

National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group

Mailman School of Public Health

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

16 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Introduction: We analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US. Methods: Data on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory population attributable risk percents (e-PAR %s) were estimated. Results: Black and Latino PWID were more likely tobe HIV-negative if they lived in less economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino PWID to place characteristics. Discussion: Evaluations of structural interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from HIV infection.

Original language	English
Article number	e0150410
Journal	PLoS One
Volume	11
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150410
Publication status	Published - Mar 2016

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Centers and Disease Control and Prevention, and the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group: Atlanta, GA: Jennifer Taussig, Shacara Johnson, Jeff Todd;Baltimore, MD: Colin Flynn, Danielle German; Boston, MA: Debbie Isenberg, Maura Driscoll, Elizabeth Hurwitz; Chicago, IL: Nikhil Prachand, Nanette Benbow; Dallas, TX: Sharon Melville, Richard Yeager, Jim Dyer, Alicia Novoa; Denver, CO: Mark Thrun, Alia Al-Tayyib; Detroit, MI: Emily Higgins, Eve Mokotoff, Vivian Griffin; Houston, TX: Aaron Sayegh, Jan Risser, Hafeez Rehman; Los Angeles, CA: Trista Bingham, Ekow Kwa Sey; Miami, FL: Lisa Metsch, David Forrest, Dano Beck, Gabriel Cardenas; Nassau-Suffolk, NY: Chris Nemeth, Lou Smith, Carol-Ann Watson; New Orleans, LA: William T. Robinson, DeAnn Gruber, Narquis Barak; New York City, NY: Alan Neaigus, Samuel Jenness, Travis Wendel, Camila Gelpi-Acosta, Holly Hagan; Newark, NJ: Henry Godette, Barbara Bolden, Sally D’Errico; Philadelphia, PA: Kathleen A. Brady, Althea Kirkland, Mark Shpaner; San Diego, CA: Vanessa Miguelino-Keasling, Al Velasco; San Francisco, CA: H. Fisher Raymond; San Juan, PR: Sandra Miranda De Leo´n, Yadira Rolo´n-Colo´n; Seattle, WA: Maria Courogen, Hanne Thiede, Richard Burt; St Louis, MO: Michael Herbert, Yelena Friedberg, Dale Wrigley, Jacob Fisher; Washington, DC: Marie Sansone, Tiffany West-Ojo, Manya Magnus, Irene Kuo; Behavioral Surveillance Team. We would like to thank the NHBS participants for making this study possible. We also thank and acknowledge Mr. Scott Burris and Ms. Mona Bennett for their help documenting laws governing syringe access.

Funding

This research was supported by the Centers and Disease Control and Prevention, and the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group: Atlanta, GA: Jennifer Taussig, Shacara Johnson, Jeff Todd;Baltimore, MD: Colin Flynn, Danielle German; Boston, MA: Debbie Isenberg, Maura Driscoll, Elizabeth Hurwitz; Chicago, IL: Nikhil Prachand, Nanette Benbow; Dallas, TX: Sharon Melville, Richard Yeager, Jim Dyer, Alicia Novoa; Denver, CO: Mark Thrun, Alia Al-Tayyib; Detroit, MI: Emily Higgins, Eve Mokotoff, Vivian Griffin; Houston, TX: Aaron Sayegh, Jan Risser, Hafeez Rehman; Los Angeles, CA: Trista Bingham, Ekow Kwa Sey; Miami, FL: Lisa Metsch, David Forrest, Dano Beck, Gabriel Cardenas; Nassau-Suffolk, NY: Chris Nemeth, Lou Smith, Carol-Ann Watson; New Orleans, LA: William T. Robinson, DeAnn Gruber, Narquis Barak; New York City, NY: Alan Neaigus, Samuel Jenness, Travis Wendel, Camila Gelpi-Acosta, Holly Hagan; Newark, NJ: Henry Godette, Barbara Bolden, Sally D’Errico; Philadelphia, PA: Kathleen A. Brady, Althea Kirkland, Mark Shpaner; San Diego, CA: Vanessa Miguelino-Keasling, Al Velasco; San Francisco, CA: H. Fisher Raymond; San Juan, PR: Sandra Miranda De Leo´n, Yadira Rolo´n-Colo´n; Seattle, WA: Maria Courogen, Hanne Thiede, Richard Burt; St Louis, MO: Michael Herbert, Yelena Friedberg, Dale Wrigley, Jacob Fisher; Washington, DC: Marie Sansone, Tiffany West-Ojo, Manya Magnus, Irene Kuo; Behavioral Surveillance Team. We would like to thank the NHBS participants for making this study possible. We also thank and acknowledge Mr. Scott Burris and Ms. Mona Bennett for their help documenting laws governing syringe access.

Funders	Funder number
National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group
San Juan
National Institute on Drug Abuse	P30DA011041
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

General

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1371/journal.pone.0150410

Cite this

@article{da7c862ab9834921be7c92cc0fb2378b,

title = "Risk environments, race/ethnicity, and HIV status in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States",

abstract = "Introduction: We analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US. Methods: Data on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory population attributable risk percents (e-PAR %s) were estimated. Results: Black and Latino PWID were more likely tobe HIV-negative if they lived in less economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino PWID to place characteristics. Discussion: Evaluations of structural interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from HIV infection.",

author = "{National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group} and Cooper, {Hannah L.F.} and Sabriya Linton and Kelley, {Mary E.} and Zev Ross and Wolfe, {Mary E.} and Chen, {Yen Tyng} and Maria Zlotorzynska and Josalin Hunter-Jones and Friedman, {Samuel R.} and {Des Jarlais}, {Don C.} and Barbara Tempalski and Elizabeth DiNenno and Dita Broz and Cyprian Wejnert and Gabriela Paz-Bailey and Jennifer Taussig and Shacara Johnson and Jeff Todd and Colin Flynn and Danielle German and Debbie Isenberg and Maura Driscoll and Elizabeth Hurwitz and Nikhil Prachand and Nanette Benbow and Sharon Melville and Richard Yeager and Jim Dyer and Alicia Novoa and Mark Thrun and Alia Al-Tayyib and Emily Higgins and Eve Mokotoff and Vivian Griffin and Aaron Sayegh and Jan Risser and Hafeez Rehman and Trista Bingham and Sey, {Ekow Kwa} and Lisa Metsch and David Forrest and Dano Beck and Gabriel Cardenas and Chris Nemeth and Lou Smith and Watson, {Carol Ann} and Robinson, {William T.} and Gruber, {De Ann} and Narquis Barak and Alan Neaigus",

note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by the Centers and Disease Control and Prevention, and the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group: Atlanta, GA: Jennifer Taussig, Shacara Johnson, Jeff Todd;Baltimore, MD: Colin Flynn, Danielle German; Boston, MA: Debbie Isenberg, Maura Driscoll, Elizabeth Hurwitz; Chicago, IL: Nikhil Prachand, Nanette Benbow; Dallas, TX: Sharon Melville, Richard Yeager, Jim Dyer, Alicia Novoa; Denver, CO: Mark Thrun, Alia Al-Tayyib; Detroit, MI: Emily Higgins, Eve Mokotoff, Vivian Griffin; Houston, TX: Aaron Sayegh, Jan Risser, Hafeez Rehman; Los Angeles, CA: Trista Bingham, Ekow Kwa Sey; Miami, FL: Lisa Metsch, David Forrest, Dano Beck, Gabriel Cardenas; Nassau-Suffolk, NY: Chris Nemeth, Lou Smith, Carol-Ann Watson; New Orleans, LA: William T. Robinson, DeAnn Gruber, Narquis Barak; New York City, NY: Alan Neaigus, Samuel Jenness, Travis Wendel, Camila Gelpi-Acosta, Holly Hagan; Newark, NJ: Henry Godette, Barbara Bolden, Sally D{\textquoteright}Errico; Philadelphia, PA: Kathleen A. Brady, Althea Kirkland, Mark Shpaner; San Diego, CA: Vanessa Miguelino-Keasling, Al Velasco; San Francisco, CA: H. Fisher Raymond; San Juan, PR: Sandra Miranda De Leo´n, Yadira Rolo´n-Colo´n; Seattle, WA: Maria Courogen, Hanne Thiede, Richard Burt; St Louis, MO: Michael Herbert, Yelena Friedberg, Dale Wrigley, Jacob Fisher; Washington, DC: Marie Sansone, Tiffany West-Ojo, Manya Magnus, Irene Kuo; Behavioral Surveillance Team. We would like to thank the NHBS participants for making this study possible. We also thank and acknowledge Mr. Scott Burris and Ms. Mona Bennett for their help documenting laws governing syringe access.",

year = "2016",

month = mar,

doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0150410",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

journal = "PLoS One",

issn = "1932-6203",

publisher = "Public Library of Science",

number = "3",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Risk environments, race/ethnicity, and HIV status in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States

AU - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group

AU - Cooper, Hannah L.F.

AU - Linton, Sabriya

AU - Kelley, Mary E.

AU - Ross, Zev

AU - Wolfe, Mary E.

AU - Chen, Yen Tyng

AU - Zlotorzynska, Maria

AU - Hunter-Jones, Josalin

AU - Friedman, Samuel R.

AU - Des Jarlais, Don C.

AU - Tempalski, Barbara

AU - DiNenno, Elizabeth

AU - Broz, Dita

AU - Wejnert, Cyprian

AU - Paz-Bailey, Gabriela

AU - Taussig, Jennifer

AU - Johnson, Shacara

AU - Todd, Jeff

AU - Flynn, Colin

AU - German, Danielle

AU - Isenberg, Debbie

AU - Driscoll, Maura

AU - Hurwitz, Elizabeth

AU - Prachand, Nikhil

AU - Benbow, Nanette

AU - Melville, Sharon

AU - Yeager, Richard

AU - Dyer, Jim

AU - Novoa, Alicia

AU - Thrun, Mark

AU - Al-Tayyib, Alia

AU - Higgins, Emily

AU - Mokotoff, Eve

AU - Griffin, Vivian

AU - Sayegh, Aaron

AU - Risser, Jan

AU - Rehman, Hafeez

AU - Bingham, Trista

AU - Sey, Ekow Kwa

AU - Metsch, Lisa

AU - Forrest, David

AU - Beck, Dano

AU - Cardenas, Gabriel

AU - Nemeth, Chris

AU - Smith, Lou

AU - Watson, Carol Ann

AU - Robinson, William T.

AU - Gruber, De Ann

AU - Barak, Narquis

AU - Neaigus, Alan

N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by the Centers and Disease Control and Prevention, and the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group: Atlanta, GA: Jennifer Taussig, Shacara Johnson, Jeff Todd;Baltimore, MD: Colin Flynn, Danielle German; Boston, MA: Debbie Isenberg, Maura Driscoll, Elizabeth Hurwitz; Chicago, IL: Nikhil Prachand, Nanette Benbow; Dallas, TX: Sharon Melville, Richard Yeager, Jim Dyer, Alicia Novoa; Denver, CO: Mark Thrun, Alia Al-Tayyib; Detroit, MI: Emily Higgins, Eve Mokotoff, Vivian Griffin; Houston, TX: Aaron Sayegh, Jan Risser, Hafeez Rehman; Los Angeles, CA: Trista Bingham, Ekow Kwa Sey; Miami, FL: Lisa Metsch, David Forrest, Dano Beck, Gabriel Cardenas; Nassau-Suffolk, NY: Chris Nemeth, Lou Smith, Carol-Ann Watson; New Orleans, LA: William T. Robinson, DeAnn Gruber, Narquis Barak; New York City, NY: Alan Neaigus, Samuel Jenness, Travis Wendel, Camila Gelpi-Acosta, Holly Hagan; Newark, NJ: Henry Godette, Barbara Bolden, Sally D’Errico; Philadelphia, PA: Kathleen A. Brady, Althea Kirkland, Mark Shpaner; San Diego, CA: Vanessa Miguelino-Keasling, Al Velasco; San Francisco, CA: H. Fisher Raymond; San Juan, PR: Sandra Miranda De Leo´n, Yadira Rolo´n-Colo´n; Seattle, WA: Maria Courogen, Hanne Thiede, Richard Burt; St Louis, MO: Michael Herbert, Yelena Friedberg, Dale Wrigley, Jacob Fisher; Washington, DC: Marie Sansone, Tiffany West-Ojo, Manya Magnus, Irene Kuo; Behavioral Surveillance Team. We would like to thank the NHBS participants for making this study possible. We also thank and acknowledge Mr. Scott Burris and Ms. Mona Bennett for their help documenting laws governing syringe access.

PY - 2016/3

Y1 - 2016/3

N2 - Introduction: We analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US. Methods: Data on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory population attributable risk percents (e-PAR %s) were estimated. Results: Black and Latino PWID were more likely tobe HIV-negative if they lived in less economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino PWID to place characteristics. Discussion: Evaluations of structural interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from HIV infection.

AB - Introduction: We analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US. Methods: Data on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory population attributable risk percents (e-PAR %s) were estimated. Results: Black and Latino PWID were more likely tobe HIV-negative if they lived in less economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino PWID to place characteristics. Discussion: Evaluations of structural interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from HIV infection.

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Risk environments, race/ethnicity, and HIV status in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

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UN SDGs

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